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Saturday, February 28, 2026

Chapter 4 Drainage System of India Explained Simply |

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Drainage System of India:

• India is a country of rivers. Here, more than 4000 big and small rivers are found, which can be divided into 23 large and 200 small river basins.
• On the basis of origin, Indian rivers are broadly divided into (A) Himalayan Rivers and (B) Peninsular Rivers.
• Differences in drainage pattern and water levels are found in these two types of river system.

Classification:

Rivers of India:

Himalayan Rivers:  

Himalayan rivers are the major river systems of northern India that originate from the Himalayan mountain ranges and associated glaciers. They are perennial (flow throughout the year) because they are fed by both snowmelt and rainfall.

  • Antecedent (Older than Himalaya)
    Ex: Indus, Brahmaputra, Sutlej

  • Non-antecedent (Younger than Himalaya)
    Ex: Ganga, Yamuna, Jhelum

Peninsular Rivers:    

Peninsular rivers are the rivers that originate from the Peninsular Plateau of India. They are generally seasonal (rain-fed) and much older and more stable compared to Himalayan rivers.

  • West flowing

  • East flowing

• In India, water mainly drains in two directions of the main water divide line of India. 90% of land water drains into Bay of Bengal and the rest drains into Arabian Sea.


(A) HIMALAYAN RIVERS:






INDUS SYSTEM:

• This system includes the Indus and its tributaries like Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej (The Panchnad), etc.

(i) Indus (Sindhu):

• It is 2880 km long river, originates from Mansarovar lake in Tibet. In India, it flows between Zaskar and Ladakh ranges. It is also one of the largest river of the world.
• Its tributaries in J&K are Zaskar, Astor, Shyok, Kurram, Gilgit etc. The left bank tributaries are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.
• It is called Sengge Khabab in Tibet.


(ii) Jhelum (Vitasta):

• It originates from Verinag stream in J&K at 4900m height & flows only in J&K. It passes through Wular Lake in Kashmir valley.
• It joins Chenab at Trimmu (Pakistan).
• Kishan Ganga and Lidar are important tributaries of Jhelum.
• Controversial Tulbul Project is located on this river. 

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(iii) Chenab (Askini):

• It originates from Chandra-Bhaga stream in Himachal Pradesh near Lahul & Spiti. It flows in Himachal Pradesh and J&K. (Jhelum and Ravi meet with Chenab in Himachal Pradesh).
• Controversial Baglihar Project is located across this river in Doda district of J&K.
• Salal, Dulhasti and Ranvir Sagar hydropower project is also located on river Chenab.


(iv) Ravi (Parushni):

• It originates from Kullu hills near Rohtang pass (Himachal Pradesh). It flows in Himachal Pradesh, J&K and Punjab.
• Ranjit Sagar (also known as Thein Dam) is located on river Ravi.


(v) Beas (Vipashia):

• It originates from Beas kund near Rohtang pass in Himachal Pradesh and flows in Himachal Pradesh & Punjab.
• It joins Sutlej at Harike (Punjab). Indira Gandhi Canal takes off from Harike barrage, which is the longest irrigation canal of India. It runs up to Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan.
• Pong reservoir (Himachal Pradesh) is constructed across this river.


(vi) Sutlej (Satudri):

• It originates from Rakash tal near Mansarovar Lake in Tibet and enters into India through Shipki-la pass (Himachal Pradesh). River Spiti is its major tributary.

• Sutlej flows in Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. It forms boundary between India and Pakistan near Ferozepur.
• Famous Bhakra-Nangal Project is located on this river. Bhakra dam is also called Govind Sagar dam.
Nathpa-Jhakri (Himachal Pradesh) is also located on this river and producing more power as compared to Bhakra-Nangal.
• Sutlej is known as Langchen Khambab in Tibet.



As per the Indus Water Treaty of 1960, between India and Pakistan, India can use 20 percent water of Indus, Sutlej and Jhelum while 80 percent of Chenab, Ravi and Beas.


GANGA SYSTEM:

• Ganga is the longest river of India (2510 km). It originates as Bhagirathi from Gangotri glacier in Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand.
Bhagirathi is joined by Alaknanda (originates from Badrinath) at Devprayag. Alaknanda and Bhagirathi flow in the name of Ganga below Devprayag. Major part of Ganga lies in Uttar Pradesh region.
• Famous Tehri Dam (Uttarakhand) is located on river Bhagirathi and it is considered as India’s highest dam (265 m). Earlier, Bhakra Nangal Dam on river Satluj was the highest.


Important Tributaries of Ganga:

(A) Left Bank Tributaries:

  1. Ramganga: It originates near Nainital and joins Ganga near Farrukhabad (Uttar Pradesh).

  2. Gomti: It originates near Pilibhit and joins Ganga downstream to Varanasi near Ghazipur (Uttar Pradesh).

  3. Kali or Sarda: It joins Ghaghra which meets Ganga near Chhapra (Bihar).

  4. Gandak: It originates from Nepal-China border in Tibet and joins Ganga near Hajipur (Bihar).

  5. Kosi: It originates from Nepal-China border and is also known as Sorrow of Bihar.

  6. Mahananda: It originates from Nepal-Sikkim border and joins Ganga in Bangladesh.




(B) Right Bank Tributaries:

  1. Yamuna: It originates from Yamunotri glacier (Uttarakhand) and joins Ganga at Allahabad. Important tributaries of Yamuna are Chambal (originates from Mhow in Madhya Pradesh), Ken, Betwa, Dhasan etc.

  2. Son: It originates from Amarkantak plateau and flows towards north and joins Ganga near Maner (Danapur, Bihar) upstream of Patna. It is the only peninsular river which directly joins Ganga. Rihand river is its main tributary. Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar (Rihand Dam) is located on Rihand river. It lies in Renukoot region (near Hindalco) of Uttar Pradesh.


• River Damodar originates from Jharkhand and joins Hugli in West Bengal. Durgapur (in West Bengal) is located on the bank of river Damodar.
• River Hugli is called as “the most treacherous river of the world and city Kolkata is located on the bank of it,” which is called as the “London of East”.

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BRAHMAPUTRA SYSTEM:

• It originates from Tumchok Khambab glacier in Mansarovar Lake of Tibet. It is known as Tsangpo in Tibet, Dihang or Siang in Arunachal Pradesh, Brahmaputra in Assam and Jamuna in Bangladesh.
• Brahmaputra is volume wise largest river of India where as lengthwise Ganga is the longest river of India. It is one of the longest rivers of the world and with regard to the volume of water it is among the four largest rivers of the world.
• Its drainage system is spread in three countries – China (Tibet), India and Bangladesh and it takes a sharp south-westerly turn along the eastern side of the Namcha Barwa Mountain and forms a 5500 m deep gorge.
• Brahmaputra forms largest number of fresh water riverine islands in the world and among this, Majuli is the largest fresh water riverine island in the world.
• Important tributaries of Brahmaputra are Subansiri, Lohit, Tista, Pagladia, Puthumari, Jia Bhorelli, Dibang or Sikang, Kopili, Jal-dhaka, Torsa, Barak etc. Last four of these join in Bangladesh

Disclaimer:

This content is prepared for educational and informational purposes only. The notes are simplified for better understanding and exam preparation (UPSC and State Exams). Readers are advised to refer to standard textbooks and official sources for detailed study


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Q1. With reference to Republic Day 2026, consider the following statements:

  1. It was the 77th Republic Day celebration.
  2. The theme was “150 years of Vande Mataram”.
  3. The Indian Army won the best marching contingent among the three services.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

 Answer: A

Explanation:
It was the 77th Republic Day with theme “150 years of Vande Mataram”. Best marching contingent among the three services was won by the Indian Navy, not the Army.


Q2. Consider the following regarding Republic Day 2026 chief guests:

  1. Antonio Costa is the President of the European Council.
  2. Ursula von der Leyen is the President of the European Commission.
  3. Both represent institutions of the European Union.

Which is correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

 Answer: D

Explanation:
All three statements are correct — both leaders head key EU institutions.


Q3. Which organisation launched the Aadhaar mascot “Udai”?

A) Ministry of Electronics and IT
B) Unique Identification Authority of India
C) National Informatics Centre
D) Digital India Corporation

 Answer: B

Explanation:
The mascot Udai was launched by the Unique Identification Authority of India to humanise Aadhaar communication.


Q4. The primary purpose of launching the Aadhaar mascot “Udai” is to:

A) Replace Aadhaar authentication
B) Promote Aadhaar among foreign citizens
C) Simplify and humanise Aadhaar-related information
D) Monitor data privacy violations

 Answer: C

Explanation:
Udai is a public-communication mascot to make Aadhaar services more citizen-friendly.


Q5. With reference to bio-bitumen, consider the following statements:

  1. It is an alternative to petroleum-based bitumen.
  2. It supports environmentally sustainable infrastructure.
  3. India has begun commercial production of bio-bitumen.

Which is correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: D

Explanation:
All statements are correct — bio-bitumen is a green alternative and India has started commercial production.


Q6. Which country recently completed its withdrawal from the World Health Organization after the mandatory notice period?

A) United Kingdom
B) United States
C) Brazil
D) Argentina

 Answer: B

Explanation:
The United States formally exited WHO after the required one-year notice period.


Q7. The headquarters of the World Health Organization is located in:

A) Vienna
B) Paris
C) Geneva
D) New York

 Answer: C

Explanation:
WHO headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland.


Q8. With reference to the Eurozone expansion, consider the following statements:

  1. Bulgaria became the 21st member of the Eurozone.
  2. Bulgaria replaced its currency lev with the euro.
  3. The Eurozone was created under the Maastricht Treaty.

Which is correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

 Answer: D

Explanation:
All statements are correct — Bulgaria joined and the Eurozone originates from the Maastricht Treaty (1992).


Q9. The term “Eurozone” refers to:

A) All members of the European Union
B) Countries using the euro as common currency
C) NATO economic grouping
D) OECD monetary bloc

 Answer: B

Explanation:
Eurozone = EU countries that adopted the euro.


Q10. With reference to the International Year for Rangelands and Pastoralists (2026), consider:

  1. It was declared by the United Nations.
  2. It focuses on sustainable management of grazing ecosystems.
  3. It primarily targets urban land use reforms.

Which is correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

 Answer: A

Explanation:
The UN declared 2026 for rangelands and pastoralists; it is not about urban land reforms.


Q11. With reference to the Mukhya Mantri Sehat Yojana, consider:

  1. It was launched by the Punjab Government.
  2. It provides free cashless treatment up to ₹10 lakh per family.
  3. It is limited only to government employees.

Which is correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

 Answer: A

Explanation:
Scheme aims universal healthcare for residents of Punjab; not restricted to employees.


Q12. Kerala’s first Butterfly Sanctuary is located in:

A) Silent Valley
B) Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary
C) Periyar Tiger Reserve
D) Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary

 Answer: B

Explanation:
Kerala’s first butterfly sanctuary has been established at Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary.

Q13. With reference to the Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA), consider the following statements:

  1. The Tejas LCA programme was launched in 1983.
  2. The first flight of Tejas took place on 1 January 2004.
  3. The first test flight was piloted by Wing Commander Rajiv Kothiyal.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

 Answer: D

Explanation:
All statements are correct regarding Tejas LCA first flight details.


Q14. The first flight of Tejas Light Combat Aircraft took off from:

A) Air Force Station Sulur
B) Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Airport
C) Yelahanka Air Base
D) INS Hansa

 Answer: B

Explanation:
The historic first flight was from HAL Airport.


Q15. The first flight of Tejas Light Combat Aircraft took off from:

A) Air Force Station Sulur
B) Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Airport
C) Yelahanka Air Base
D) INS Hansa

 Answer: B

Explanation:
The historic first flight was from HAL Airport.


Q16. The Indian Army has declared 2026 as the:

A) Year of Modern Infantry
B) Year of Self-Reliance
C) Year of Networking & Data Centricity
D) Year of Integrated Battle Groups

 Answer: C

Explanation:
2026 theme focuses on digital networking and data-driven warfare.


Q17. Exercise Dosti 17 is:

  1. A trilateral Coast Guard exercise
  2. Conducted among India, Maldives and Sri Lanka
  3. Conducted under the aegis of the Indian Navy

Which is correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

 Answer: A

Explanation:
It is a Coast Guard trilateral exercise, not Navy-led.


Q18. Exercise Dosti is conducted near:

A) Colombo
B) Male
C) Kochi
D) Visakhapatnam

 Answer: B

Explanation:
The exercise was held near Male, Maldives.


Q19. With reference to Virat Kohli’s latest cricket milestone, consider:

  1. He became the second-highest run-scorer in international cricket.
  2. He surpassed Kumar Sangakkara.
  3. He has overtaken Sachin Tendulkar.

Which is correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

 Answer: A

Explanation:
Sachin Tendulkar still remains No.1.


Q20. Who is currently the highest run-scorer in international cricket?

A) Virat Kohli
B) Ricky Ponting
C) Sachin Tendulkar
D) Kumar Sangakkara

 Answer: C

Explanation:
Sachin Tendulkar leads with 34,357 runs.


Q21. Nat Sciver-Brunt, seen in news, is associated with:

A) First double century in WPL
B) First century in Women’s Premier League
C) Fastest fifty in WPL
D) First hat-trick in WPL

 Answer: B

Explanation:
She became the first centurion in WPL.


Q22. Nat Sciver-Brunt represents which franchise in WPL 2026?

A) Delhi Capitals
B) Royal Challengers Bangalore
C) Mumbai Indians
D) UP Warriorz

Answer: C


Q23. Consider the following sports personalities and their sports:

  1. Saina Nehwal — Badminton
  2. Alyssa Healy — Cricket
  3. Usman Khawaja — Hockey

Which is correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

 Answer: A

Explanation:
Usman Khawaja is a cricketer, not hockey player.


Q24. Saina Nehwal is notable for:

A) First Indian woman to win Wimbledon
B) First Indian badminton player to win Olympic medal
C) First Indian to win BWF World Championship
D) First Indian to win All England Open

 Answer: B


Q25. The Ashoka Chakra is:

  1. India’s highest peacetime gallantry award
  2. Awarded for wartime bravery
  3. Approved by the President of India

Which is correct?

A) 1 and 3 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

 Answer: A


Q26. Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla was awarded the Ashoka Chakra for:

A) Kargil War bravery
B) Space mission achievement
C) Counter-insurgency operation
D) Naval rescue mission

 Answer: B

Explanation:
He is noted as the first Indian to go to the ISS.


Q27. The Indira Gandhi Peace Prize for 2025 was awarded to:

A) Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
B) Graça Machel
C) Malala Yousafzai
D) Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala

 Answer: B


Q28. Graça Machel is primarily known as:

A) Climate scientist
B) Human rights activist
C) Economist
D) Diplomat

 Answer: B


Q29. Pawan Kalyan was recently honoured for excellence in:

A) Karate
B) Judo
C) Kenjutsu
D) Taekwondo

 Answer: C


Q30. The Numbeo Safety Index 2026 ranks cities based on:

A) Military strength
B) Crime and safety perception
C) Economic output
D) Disaster resilience

 Answer: B


Q31. Which Indian city topped India in Numbeo Safety Index 2026?

A) Surat
B) Mangaluru
C) Pune
D) Ahmedabad

 Answer: B


Q32. The Responsible Nations Index 2026 is released by:

A) World Bank
B) UNDP
C) World Intellectual Foundation
D) OECD

 Answer: C


Q33. With reference to Responsible Nations Index 2026, consider:

  1. Singapore ranked first.
  2. India ranked 16th.
  3. The index measures responsible exercise of national power.

Which is correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 2 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

 

 Answer: C

Explanation:
2026 theme focuses on digital networking and data-driven warfare.


  Q34. Consider the following statements regarding the 18th BRICS Summit 2026:

1.      The host country rotates annually among the BRICS member states.

2.      In 2026, the Summit will be hosted by a country from the Southern Hemisphere.

3.      India has hosted the BRICS Summit more times than Brazil as of 2025.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

 Answer: A   

35. With reference to the Republic Day 2026 celebrations in India, consider the following statements:

1.      It marked the 76th Republic Day of India.

2.      The theme focused on the legacy of “Vande Mataram.”

3.      The celebrations highlighted both military and cultural diversity.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A) 2 and 3 only
B) 1 and 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: A
 (It was the 77th Republic Day, so statement 1 is wrong)


36. The Delhi Declaration 2026, sometimes seen in news, is best described as:

A) A multilateral climate finance agreement adopted under UNFCCC
B) A joint statement on electoral integrity adopted at an international conference
C) A defence logistics pact between India and EU
D) A declaration on global digital taxation

Answer: B


37. Consider the following regarding the Jeevan Raksha Padak Awards:

1.      They are civilian awards.

2.      They are given for acts of life-saving bravery.

3.      They are announced by the Ministry of Defence.

Which of the above is/are correct?
A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: A
 (Announced by MHA, not Defence)


38. The NPS Swasthya Pension Scheme recently in news aims primarily to:

A) Provide free hospitalization to all citizens
B) Extend health-related benefits within the National Pension System framework
C) Replace Ayushman Bharat
D) Provide disability pension to defence personnel

Answer: B


39. India’s first space mission of 2026 was notable because it:

1.      Carried a defence-related satellite.

2.      Included a foreign payload.

3.      Demonstrated on-orbit refuelling technology.

Select the correct answer using the code below:
A) 1 only
B) 1 and 2 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: D


40. Which of the following best reflects the significance of the proposed India–EU Free Trade Agreement?

A) It will eliminate all tariffs immediately.
B) It is expected to liberalize trade in around 90% of goods.
C) It focuses only on services trade.
D) It replaces India’s WTO commitments.

Answer: B

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41. The India–Saudi Arabia Security Working Group mechanism primarily aims to enhance cooperation in:

1.      Counter-terrorism

2.      Maritime piracy

3.      Counter-extremism

Select the correct answer:
A) 1 and 2 only
B) 1 and 3 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: B
(Piracy not the main stated focus)

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42. USDU, recently approved in the UAE, is categorized as:

A) Sovereign digital currency issued by the UAE central bank
B) Dollar-backed stablecoin in the private crypto ecosystem
C) Gold-backed cryptocurrency
D) IMF special drawing right variant

Answer: B


43. Exercise Agni Pariksha conducted in January 2026 was intended primarily to:

A) Test nuclear deterrence
B) Improve joint military preparedness
C) Demonstrate anti-satellite capability
D) Validate ballistic missile defence

Answer: B


44. Consider the following about the PRAHAAR doctrine:

1.      It is India’s first comprehensive anti-terror doctrine.

2.      It focuses only on cross-border terrorism.

3.      It includes emerging threats like drones and cyber attacks.

Which statements are correct?
A) 1 and 3 only
B) 1 and 2 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: A


45. According to the IQAir global report (2026), which of the following correctly reflects India’s air pollution status?

A) India ranked among the top three most polluted countries
B) Nearly half of Indian cities face chronic pollution
C) Air pollution deaths in India are below one million annually
D) India showed zero improvement from previous years

Answer: B


46. With reference to the New Delhi World Book Fair 2026, consider the following:

1.      It was hosted at Bharat Mandapam.

2.      It highlighted India–Russia cultural ties.

3.      It is organized by the Ministry of Defence.

Which are correct?
A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: A


47. The Rüsoma Orange Festival is significant because it:

A) Promotes coastal tourism
B) Celebrates horticulture in Northeast India
C) Marks a tribal new year
D) Is a UNESCO heritage event

Answer: B


48. The Buddhist Diamond Triangle recently in news primarily aims to:

A) Promote Buddhist pilgrimage tourism
B) Develop nuclear research hubs
C) Establish maritime trade corridors
D) Protect mangrove ecosystems

Answer: A


49. Consider the following:

1.      PRAHAAR is a missile system of India.

2.      USDU is backed by the US Federal Reserve.

Which is correct?
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both
D) Neither

Answer: D


50. Which of the following best explains why on-orbit refuelling technology is important?

A) It reduces launch costs by eliminating rockets
B) It increases satellite operational lifespan
C) It replaces ground stations
D) It prevents space debris entirely

Answer: B


51. The India–EU FTA negotiations are considered strategically important mainly because they:

A) Create a military alliance
B) Deepen trade and investment integration
C) Replace bilateral investment treaties automatically
D) Establish a common currency

Answer: B


52. Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

Event

Primary Focus

PRAHAAR

Anti-terror doctrine

Agni Pariksha

Military preparedness

USDU

Stablecoin

Select the correct answer:
A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: D


53. In the context of India’s pollution challenge highlighted in January 2026, which factor is MOST directly linked to chronic urban air pollution?

A) Deep sea mining
B) Vehicular emissions and industrial activity
C) Glacier retreat
D) Ocean acidification

Answer: B


54. Which of the following developments best reflects India’s push toward integrated national security architecture in January 2026?

A) Launch of USDU
B) PRAHAAR doctrine rollout
C) World Book Fair
D) Orange Festival

Answer: B     

Q55. With reference to the Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA), consider the following statements:

  1. The Tejas LCA programme was launched in 1983.
  2. The first flight of Tejas took place on 1 January 2004.
  3. The first test flight was piloted by Wing Commander Rajiv Kothiyal.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

 Answer: D

Explanation:
All statements are correct regarding Tejas LCA first flight details.

 

 

 

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