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Drainage System of India:
• India is a country of rivers. Here, more than 4000 big and small rivers are found, which can be divided into 23 large and 200 small river basins.
• On the basis of origin, Indian rivers are broadly divided into (A) Himalayan Rivers and (B) Peninsular Rivers.
• Differences in drainage pattern and water levels are found in these two types of river system.
Classification:
Rivers of India:
Himalayan Rivers:
Himalayan rivers are the major river systems of northern India that originate from the Himalayan mountain ranges and associated glaciers. They are perennial (flow throughout the year) because they are fed by both snowmelt and rainfall.
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Antecedent (Older than Himalaya)
Ex: Indus, Brahmaputra, Sutlej
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Non-antecedent (Younger than Himalaya)
Ex: Ganga, Yamuna, Jhelum
Peninsular Rivers:
Peninsular rivers are the rivers that originate from the Peninsular Plateau of India. They are generally seasonal (rain-fed) and much older and more stable compared to Himalayan rivers.
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West flowing
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East flowing
• In India, water mainly drains in two directions of the main water divide line of India. 90% of land water drains into Bay of Bengal and the rest drains into Arabian Sea.
(A) HIMALAYAN RIVERS:
INDUS SYSTEM:
• This system includes the Indus and its tributaries like Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej (The Panchnad), etc.
(i) Indus (Sindhu):
• It is 2880 km long river, originates from Mansarovar lake in Tibet. In India, it flows between Zaskar and Ladakh ranges. It is also one of the largest river of the world.
• Its tributaries in J&K are Zaskar, Astor, Shyok, Kurram, Gilgit etc. The left bank tributaries are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.
• It is called Sengge Khabab in Tibet.
(ii) Jhelum (Vitasta):
• It originates from Verinag stream in J&K at 4900m height & flows only in J&K. It passes through Wular Lake in Kashmir valley.
• It joins Chenab at Trimmu (Pakistan).
• Kishan Ganga and Lidar are important tributaries of Jhelum.
• Controversial Tulbul Project is located on this river.
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(iii) Chenab (Askini):
• It originates from Chandra-Bhaga stream in Himachal Pradesh near Lahul & Spiti. It flows in Himachal Pradesh and J&K. (Jhelum and Ravi meet with Chenab in Himachal Pradesh).
• Controversial Baglihar Project is located across this river in Doda district of J&K.
• Salal, Dulhasti and Ranvir Sagar hydropower project is also located on river Chenab.
(iv) Ravi (Parushni):
• It originates from Kullu hills near Rohtang pass (Himachal Pradesh). It flows in Himachal Pradesh, J&K and Punjab.
• Ranjit Sagar (also known as Thein Dam) is located on river Ravi.
(v) Beas (Vipashia):
• It originates from Beas kund near Rohtang pass in Himachal Pradesh and flows in Himachal Pradesh & Punjab.
• It joins Sutlej at Harike (Punjab). Indira Gandhi Canal takes off from Harike barrage, which is the longest irrigation canal of India. It runs up to Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan.
• Pong reservoir (Himachal Pradesh) is constructed across this river.
(vi) Sutlej (Satudri):
• It originates from Rakash tal near Mansarovar Lake in Tibet and enters into India through Shipki-la pass (Himachal Pradesh). River Spiti is its major tributary.
• Sutlej flows in Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. It forms boundary between India and Pakistan near Ferozepur.
• Famous Bhakra-Nangal Project is located on this river. Bhakra dam is also called Govind Sagar dam.
• Nathpa-Jhakri (Himachal Pradesh) is also located on this river and producing more power as compared to Bhakra-Nangal.
• Sutlej is known as Langchen Khambab in Tibet.
As per the Indus Water Treaty of 1960, between India and Pakistan, India can use 20 percent water of Indus, Sutlej and Jhelum while 80 percent of Chenab, Ravi and Beas.
GANGA SYSTEM:
• Ganga is the longest river of India (2510 km). It originates as Bhagirathi from Gangotri glacier in Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand.
• Bhagirathi is joined by Alaknanda (originates from Badrinath) at Devprayag. Alaknanda and Bhagirathi flow in the name of Ganga below Devprayag. Major part of Ganga lies in Uttar Pradesh region.
• Famous Tehri Dam (Uttarakhand) is located on river Bhagirathi and it is considered as India’s highest dam (265 m). Earlier, Bhakra Nangal Dam on river Satluj was the highest.
Important Tributaries of Ganga:
(A) Left Bank Tributaries:
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Ramganga: It originates near Nainital and joins Ganga near Farrukhabad (Uttar Pradesh).
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Gomti: It originates near Pilibhit and joins Ganga downstream to Varanasi near Ghazipur (Uttar Pradesh).
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Kali or Sarda: It joins Ghaghra which meets Ganga near Chhapra (Bihar).
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Gandak: It originates from Nepal-China border in Tibet and joins Ganga near Hajipur (Bihar).
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Kosi: It originates from Nepal-China border and is also known as Sorrow of Bihar.
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Mahananda: It originates from Nepal-Sikkim border and joins Ganga in Bangladesh.
(B) Right Bank Tributaries:
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Yamuna: It originates from Yamunotri glacier (Uttarakhand) and joins Ganga at Allahabad. Important tributaries of Yamuna are Chambal (originates from Mhow in Madhya Pradesh), Ken, Betwa, Dhasan etc.
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Son: It originates from Amarkantak plateau and flows towards north and joins Ganga near Maner (Danapur, Bihar) upstream of Patna. It is the only peninsular river which directly joins Ganga. Rihand river is its main tributary. Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar (Rihand Dam) is located on Rihand river. It lies in Renukoot region (near Hindalco) of Uttar Pradesh.
• River Damodar originates from Jharkhand and joins Hugli in West Bengal. Durgapur (in West Bengal) is located on the bank of river Damodar.
• River Hugli is called as “the most treacherous river of the world and city Kolkata is located on the bank of it,” which is called as the “London of East”.
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BRAHMAPUTRA SYSTEM:
• It originates from Tumchok Khambab glacier in Mansarovar Lake of Tibet. It is known as Tsangpo in Tibet, Dihang or Siang in Arunachal Pradesh, Brahmaputra in Assam and Jamuna in Bangladesh.
• Brahmaputra is volume wise largest river of India where as lengthwise Ganga is the longest river of India. It is one of the longest rivers of the world and with regard to the volume of water it is among the four largest rivers of the world.
• Its drainage system is spread in three countries – China (Tibet), India and Bangladesh and it takes a sharp south-westerly turn along the eastern side of the Namcha Barwa Mountain and forms a 5500 m deep gorge.
• Brahmaputra forms largest number of fresh water riverine islands in the world and among this, Majuli is the largest fresh water riverine island in the world.
• Important tributaries of Brahmaputra are Subansiri, Lohit, Tista, Pagladia, Puthumari, Jia Bhorelli, Dibang or Sikang, Kopili, Jal-dhaka, Torsa, Barak etc. Last four of these join in Bangladesh
Disclaimer:
This content is prepared for educational and informational purposes only. The notes are simplified for better understanding and exam preparation (UPSC and State Exams). Readers are advised to refer to standard textbooks and official sources for detailed study
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