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Drainage System of India:
Peninsular Rivers:
Peninsular rivers are the rivers that flow over the Peninsular Plateau of India. They are older than the Himalayan rivers and have reached the mature stage of their course. Most of these rivers depend mainly on monsoon rainfall and therefore are seasonal in nature.
Key Features:
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They originate mainly from the Western Ghats, Central Highlands, or Peninsular plateaus.
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Their valleys are broad and shallow because of long-term erosion.
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The slope gradient is gentle, so the flow of water is comparatively slow.
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They are mostly rain-fed rivers, so water volume decreases greatly in summer.
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They are less suitable for irrigation compared to Himalayan rivers.
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Most peninsular rivers flow eastwards into the Bay of Bengal; only a few flow westwards into the Arabian Sea.
Major Divisions:
Importance:
Ganga–Brahmaputra Delta:
Ganga–Brahmaputra delta is considered as the largest and fastest growing delta of the world. It extends between Hooghli and Meghna rivers. The seaward side of the delta is covered with dense evergreen forests (Mangrove forests). This forest area is called the “Sunderbans” after the name of Sundari trees found here.
WEST FLOWING PENINSULAR RIVERS:
(i) Narmada: It is a west flowing river, originates from Amarkantak plateau in Madhya Pradesh and falls into Arabian Sea. It flows between Satpura and Vindhyan range. It is longest among west flowing rivers and form large estuary. It flows through Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat. Famous waterfalls Dhuandhar and Kapildhara are located on this river. This region is very famous for Marbles. A famous Hindu temple, Omkareshwar is situated on the bank of Narmada.
(ii) Tapti: It is known as twins of Narmada. It originates near Multai in Betul district (Madhya Pradesh). Famous Ukai dam is located on it. Surat is located on the bank of river Tapti. It is also world’s largest diamond cutting and polishing center.
(iii) Ghaggar: It originates from Himachal Pradesh and dries into Rann of Katchh. It is an inland river which is not able to reach oceans.
(iv) Luni: It originates from Annasagar in Ajmer district. It also disappears in Rann of Katchh.
(v) Sabarmati: It originates near Mewar in Aravali range. It falls into Gulf of Khambat.
(vi) Mahi: It rises from Vindhyan range, flows in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
(vii) Saravati (Karnataka): India’s highest water falls Jog (Gershoppa) is situated across this river.
EAST FLOWING PENINSULAR RIVERS:
(i) Subarnarekha:
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It originates from Ranchi plateau in Jharkhand.
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Hundru waterfall is located on this river.
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Its tributaries are Kanchi and Karkari.
(ii) Mahanadi:
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It originates near Pharsia village in Raipur district (Chhattisgarh).
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Its tributaries are Sheonath, Hasdo, Mand, Jonk and Tel.
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Hirakud Multipurpose Project is located across this river in Odisha.
(iii) Godavari:
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It is longest river of peninsular India and is also known as Dakshin Ganga. Godavari forms second largest river basin in India.
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It originates from Trimbak near Nasik in Maharashtra and a famous Hindu temple is located here. Triambakeshwar is located on the bank of river Godavari.
Polavaram Dam is a multi-purpose irrigation project across this river.Its tributaries are Purna, Manjira, Penganga, Wainganga, Wardha, Indravati, Sabari, Pranhita (combined flow of Wardha and Wainganga) etc.
(iv) Krishna:
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It originates from Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra. It flows through Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. River Krishna forms its delta near Vijayawada.
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Its tributaries are Koyna, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Bhima, Tungabhadra, Musi, Muneru etc. A world famous Hampi monument is located on the bank of river Tungabhadra.
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Nagarjuna Sagar and Alamatti Dams are constructed across this river.
(v) Pennar:
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It originates from Nandidurga hills in Kolar district of Karnataka. Chitravati and Jayamangali are important tributaries of Pennar river.
(vi) Kaveri:
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It originates from Kaveripattanam near Brahmagiri in Karnataka. It flows through Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
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Its tributaries are Hemavati, Shimsa, Arkavati, Lokapavani, Hemangi, Bhavani, Subarnavati, Kabani, Amaravati etc.
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Krishnaraj Sagar Dam is constructed across this river. This dam is a joint venture of Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Puducherry.
LAKES:
Lakes are the water bodies located in the interior of the earth surface. These are the extensive depressions filled with water.
Types of Lakes:
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Seismic or Subsidence Lake
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Fault Lake
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Crater Lake
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Glacial Lake
Important Lakes of India (Jammu & Kashmir): Wular Wular is an ox-bow lake on the Jhelum river in Jammu and Kashmir. It is the largest fresh water lake in India. Tulbul project is situated on it.
Dal:
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It is a beautiful and important fresh water lake of Jammu and Kashmir.
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Pangong, Tsomorari and Salt lakes are salty lakes. Pangong is in Ladakh.
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Small lakes in Kashmir are called Torns.
Lakes of Kumaon:
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Nainital, Bhimtal, Sat tal and Khurpa tal.
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Most of these are tectonic lakes.
Coastal Lakes:
Chilika Lake: It is in Ganjam district of Odisha. It is a saline lagoon lake. It is the largest lake of India and the second largest lagoon lake of the world after Lagoa dos Patos of South America. It is also famous for Olive Ridley turtles, Irrawaddy dolphins and mangroves etc.
Pulicat Lake: It is located on the border of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. It is a saline lagoon lake. Sriharikota island (atoll island) is situated here, where we find the Satish Dhawan Satellite Launch Centre.
Vembanad Lake: It is a lagoon lake in Kerala. Wellington Island is located here, where boat races are organized. Lagoon lakes in Kerala are called Kayals.
Kolleru Lake: It is located in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. It is a freshwater lake.
Lakes of Rajasthan:
Sambhar Lake: It is a shallow saline lake located near Jaipur. This lake is used for salt production.
Dhands: These are alkaline and saline lakes in western Rajasthan. These are of aeoline origin (wind erosion).
Annasagar: It is located near Aravalis.
Lakes of Maharashtra:
Lonar: It is a volcanic crater lake in Buldhana area of Maharashtra. The water is highly charged with sodium carbonates and sodium chloride and therefore it is highly saline.
Andhra Lake, Beale Lake, Mulshi Lake are other important lakes of Maharashtra.Maharashtra has the largest number of lakes.
Lakes of North-Eastern States:
Loktak Lake: It is the largest fresh water lake in North Eastern India having inland drainage in Manipur. There is a floating National Park on it, called Keibul Lamjao. It is the only lake in India on which hydroelectric power can be generated. Human fossils are also found here.
Important Lakes of Tibet:
Kokono r is the largest lake of Tibet.Mansarovar Lake, Rakash tal and Gunchu Tso etc. are also lakes of Tibet. Mansarovar and Rakash tal are freshwater lakes whereas Gunchu Tso is saline. Mansarovar lake is also the source of three main Indian rivers i.e. Ganga, Brahmaputra and Indus.Parichu Lake was created recently due to tectonic activities.
Important Waterfalls of India:
Falls River Description Jog/Gersoppa Saravati Highest waterfall of India located in Karnataka Dhuandhar Narmada Madhya Pradesh (known as “the smoke that thunders”) Kapildhara Narmada Madhya Pradesh Hundru Subarnarekha Jharkhand Dhudhsagar Mandovi Goa Shiv Samudram Kaveri Karnataka -
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